A banking system is an economic institution comprising banks and related financial intermediaries that accept deposits, extend credit, and facilitate the transfer and management of money within an economy. Banking traces its institutional roots to ancient moneylending and the merchant banking houses of medieval and Renaissance Europe, evolving into modern central banking, commercial banking and, in some traditions, interest-free institutions such as Islamic banking that operate under religious prohibitions on interest. Banking systems perform the core economic function of channeling savings into productive investment, and their stability is closely tied to broader economic stability, as demonstrated by banking crises and bank runs throughout modern economic history.
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A central bank sits at the apex of a country banking system, regulating and backstopping the commercial banks beneath it.
Insurance developed historically alongside and often within banking institutions, both being mechanisms of the same emerging financial system for managing risk and capital.
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Banking in its modern sense evolved in the 14th century in the prosperous cities of Renaissance Italy
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