Feminist theory extends feminism into theoretical, fictional and philosophical discourse, analyzing gender inequality by examining social roles, lived experience and the political dimensions of gender across anthropology, sociology, literature and philosophy. It treats discrimination, objectification, oppression and patriarchal structures as systematically subordinating women, and analyzes gender as both a social construct and a system of power shaping individual psychology and institutional practice. Major strands include socialist feminism, which ties patriarchy to capitalism, French feminism's psychoanalytic approach to sexual difference, and intersectional feminism, which examines the overlapping systems of power built on race, class and sexuality alongside gender; key figures include Simone de Beauvoir, Betty Friedan, Patricia Hill Collins, Julia Kristeva, Luce Irigaray, bell hooks and Audre Lorde.
Facts
Core ClaimSourced to the subject's own accountGender inequality is produced and sustained by systems of power, patriarchy foremost among them, that intersect with race, class and sexuality to shape the simultaneous, multiple, overlapping and contradictory systems of power that shape people's lives; women are systematically subordinated within these systems rather than naturally or inevitably subordinate. 1 Origin YearSourced to the subject's own account1949 marks Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex, widely credited with providing feminist theory its existentialist philosophical foundation; Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) is an earlier root, and the field's academic institutionalization as a distinct discourse dates mainly to the 1960s and 1970s second-wave feminist movement. Core QuestionSourced to the subject's own account Disciplinary HomeSourced to the subject's own account Connections
Associated With
Leading contributor to feminist anthropology and gender theory.
Source Henrietta L. Moore (Wikipedia)
Crenshaw's intersectionality developed within and extended feminist theory to account for overlapping systems of oppression.
Judith Butler's performativity theory (Gender Trouble, 1990) is a foundational contribution to feminist theory.
Source Wikipedia: Feminist Theory
Feminist theory treats patriarchal structures as a central object of analysis and critique.
Source Wikipedia: Feminist Theory
Developed By
Source Wikipedia: Feminist Theory
Kinship Systems Shaped
Source Alison Kafer (Wikipedia)
Source Andrea Dworkin (Wikipedia)
Source Angela Davis (Wikipedia)
Source Ann Laura Stoler (Wikipedia)
Source Audre Lorde (Wikipedia)
Source New World Encyclopedia: Betty Friedan
Source Bracha L. Ettinger (Wikipedia)
Source Brenda Feigen (Wikipedia)
Source Camille Paglia (Wikipedia)
Source Donna Haraway (Wikipedia)
Source Dorothy E. Smith (Wikipedia)
Source Fatema Mernissi (Wikipedia)
Source Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (Wikipedia)
Source Wikipedia: Gayle Rubin
Source New World Encyclopedia: Gloria Steinem
Source New World Encyclopedia: Harriet Martineau
Source Hélène Cixous (Wikipedia)
Source Josephine Donovan (Wikipedia)
Source Judith Butler (Wikipedia)
Source Judith C. Brown (Wikipedia)
Source Judith Lorber (Wikipedia)
Source Luce Irigaray (Wikipedia)
Source New World Encyclopedia: Mary Wollstonecraft
Source Michele Barrett (Wikipedia)
Source Nancy Fraser (Wikipedia)
Source Nancy Hartsock (Wikipedia)
Source Nancy K. Miller (Wikipedia)
Source Patricia Hill Collins (Wikipedia)
Source Raewyn Connell (Wikipedia)
Source Rosi Braidotti (Wikipedia)
Source Rowan Ellis (Wikipedia)
Source Sandra Harding (Wikipedia)
Source Sara Ahmed (Wikipedia)
Source Selma James (Wikipedia)
Source Sherry Ortner - Wikipedia
Source Silvia Federici (Wikipedia)
Source Simone de Beauvoir (Wikipedia)
Sources
1. Wikipedia: Feminist Theory
WikipediaIntroduction section
Feminist theory is the extension of feminism into theoretical, fictional, or philosophical discourse.
Intersectionality section
describes the simultaneous, multiple, overlapping, and contradictory systems of power that shape our lives
History section, Beauvoir
Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex (1949) provided an existentialist dimension to feminism.
Lead paragraph
It aims to understand the nature of gender inequality
Lead paragraph, disciplinary home
such as anthropology and sociology
- In Category: Social Theory and Concepts
- Associated With: Patriarchy
Developed By: Simone de Beauvoir, Article text
De Beauvoir provided an existentialist dimension to feminism with the publication of Le Deuxième Sexe (The Second Sex) in 1949.
View the Source Henrietta L. Moore (Wikipedia)
WikipediaAssociated With: Henrietta L. Moore, Selected works and publications, Books sectionQuote, Associated With: Henrietta L. Moore, Selected works and publications, Books section
Moore, Henrietta L. (1988). Feminism and anthropology. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
View the Source Sherry Ortner - Wikipedia
WikipediaKinship Systems Shaped: Sherry Ortner, LeadQuote, Kinship Systems Shaped: Sherry Ortner, Lead
Ortner is known for her contributions to social theory and feminist theory, as well as for her ethnographic work in Nepal and the U.S.
View the Source Wikipedia: Gayle Rubin
WikipediaKinship Systems Shaped: Gayle Rubin, LeadQuote, Kinship Systems Shaped: Gayle Rubin, Lead
Rubin (born January 1, 1949) is an American cultural anthropologist, theorist and activist, best known for her pioneering work in feminist theory and queer studies.
View the Source Ann Laura Stoler (Wikipedia)
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She has made significant contributions to the fields of colonial and postcolonial studies, historical anthropology, feminist theory, and affect.
View the Source Donna Haraway (Wikipedia)
WikipediaKinship Systems Shaped: Donna Haraway, LeadQuote, Kinship Systems Shaped: Donna Haraway, Lead
Donna Jeanne Haraway (born September 6, 1944) is an American philosopher, who contributed to the intersection of information technology and feminist theory, and is a scholar in contemporary ecofeminism.
View the Source Sara Ahmed (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationKinship Systems Shaped: Sara Ahmed, LeadQuote, Kinship Systems Shaped: Sara Ahmed, Lead
Sara Ahmed (born 30 August 1969) is a British-Australian writer and scholar whose area of study includes the intersection of feminist theory, queer theory, affect theory, critical race theory and postcolonialism.
View the Source Silvia Federici (Wikipedia)
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She is considered one of the leading theoreticians in Marxist feminist theory, women's history, political philosophy, and the history and theory of the commons.
View the Source Simone de Beauvoir (Wikipedia)
Kinship Systems Shaped: Simone de Beauvoir, LeadQuote, Kinship Systems Shaped: Simone de Beauvoir, Lead
Though she did not consider herself a philosopher, nor was she considered one at the time of her death, she had a significant influence on both feminist existentialism and feminist theory.
View the Source Bracha L. Ettinger (Wikipedia)
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She is a feminist theorist and artist in contemporary New European Painting who invented the concepts of the matrixial space and matrixial gaze and related concepts around trauma, aesthetics and ethics.
View the Source Hélène Cixous (Wikipedia)
Kinship Systems Shaped: Hélène Cixous, LeadQuote, Kinship Systems Shaped: Hélène Cixous, Lead
Known for her experimental writing style and great versatility as a writer and thinker, she has written more than seventy books dealing with multiple genres: theatre, literary and feminist theory, art criticism, autobiography and poetic fiction.
View the Source Rosi Braidotti (Wikipedia)
Kinship Systems Shaped: Rosi Braidotti, LeadQuote, Kinship Systems Shaped: Rosi Braidotti, Lead
Rosi Braidotti (; Italian: [braiˈdɔtːi]; born 28 September 1954) is a contemporary philosopher and feminist theoretician.
View the Source Josephine Donovan (Wikipedia)
Kinship Systems Shaped: Josephine Donovan, LeadQuote, Kinship Systems Shaped: Josephine Donovan, Lead
Her research and expertise has covered feminist theory, feminist criticism, animal ethics, and both early modern and American (particularly 19th century) literature with a special focus on American writer Sarah Orne Jewett and the local colorists.
View the Source Judith Lorber (Wikipedia)
Kinship Systems Shaped: Judith Lorber, LeadQuote, Kinship Systems Shaped: Judith Lorber, Lead
She developed and taught some of the first courses in the sociology of gender, women's studies, and feminist theory at Brooklyn College and the graduate school, where she was the first coordinator of the women's studies certificate program in 1988-1991.
View the Source Michele Barrett (Wikipedia)
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Michèle Veronica Barrett (born 1949) is an English sociologist, feminist theorist and literary critic.
View the Source Nancy K. Miller (Wikipedia)
Kinship Systems Shaped: Nancy K. Miller, LeadQuote, Kinship Systems Shaped: Nancy K. Miller, Lead
Miller (born 21 February 1941) is an American literary scholar, feminist theorist and memoirist.
View the Source New World Encyclopedia: Mary Wollstonecraft
New World EncyclopediaKinship Systems Shaped: Mary Wollstonecraft, Article text, Feminist TheoryQuote, Kinship Systems Shaped: Mary Wollstonecraft, Article text, Feminist Theory
Mary Wollstonecraft (April 27, 1759, September 10, 1797) was a British intellectual, writer, philosopher, and early feminist.
View the Source New World Encyclopedia: Gloria Steinem
New World EncyclopediaKinship Systems Shaped: Gloria Steinem, Article text, Feminist TheoryQuote, Kinship Systems Shaped: Gloria Steinem, Article text, Feminist Theory
Although describing herself as a "radical feminist," late in life she surprised many supporters when she chose to marry and stood by her husband during his illness which caused his death, three years later.
View the Source New World Encyclopedia: Harriet Martineau
New World EncyclopediaKinship Systems Shaped: Harriet Martineau, Article text, Feminist TheoryQuote, Kinship Systems Shaped: Harriet Martineau, Article text, Feminist Theory
Feminism Martineau is regularly depicted as a leading feminist of her era, and a majority of her work included aspects of feminist ideology.
View the Source Dorothy E. Smith (Wikipedia)
WikipediaKinship Systems Shaped: Dorothy E. Smith, Lead, Feminist TheoryQuote, Kinship Systems Shaped: Dorothy E. Smith, Lead, Feminist Theory
She founded the sociological sub-disciplines of feminist standpoint theory and institutional ethnography.
View the Source Patricia Hill Collins (Wikipedia)
WikipediaKinship Systems Shaped: Patricia Hill Collins, Lead, Feminist TheoryQuote, Kinship Systems Shaped: Patricia Hill Collins, Lead, Feminist Theory
She gained national attention for her book Black Feminist Thought, originally published in 1990.
View the Source Raewyn Connell (Wikipedia)
WikipediaKinship Systems Shaped: Raewyn Connell, Lead, Feminist TheoryQuote, Kinship Systems Shaped: Raewyn Connell, Lead, Feminist Theory
Connell, is an Australian feminist sociologist and professor emerita at the University of Sydney, mainly known for co-founding the field of masculinity studies and coining the concept of hegemonic masculinity, as well as for her work on Southern theory.
View the Source Fatema Mernissi (Wikipedia)
Kinship Systems Shaped: Fatema Mernissi, Lead, Feminist TheoryQuote, Kinship Systems Shaped: Fatema Mernissi, Lead, Feminist Theory
Fatema Mernissi (Arabic: فاطمة المرنيسي, romanized: Fāṭima Marnīsī; 27 September 1940-30 November 2015) was a Moroccan feminist writer and sociologist.
View the Source Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (Wikipedia)
WikipediaKinship Systems Shaped: Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Lead, Feminist TheoryQuote, Kinship Systems Shaped: Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Lead, Feminist Theory
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (; born 24 February 1942) is an Indian literary theorist and feminist critic.
View the Source Sandra Harding (Wikipedia)
WikipediaKinship Systems Shaped: Sandra Harding, Lead, Feminist TheoryQuote, Kinship Systems Shaped: Sandra Harding, Lead, Feminist Theory
Harding (March 29, 1935, March 5, 2025) was an American philosopher of feminist and postcolonial theory, epistemology, research methodology, and philosophy of science, who directed the UCLA Center for the Study of Women from 1996 to 2000, and co-edited Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society from 2000 to 2005.
View the Source Angela Davis (Wikipedia)
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Angela Yvonne Davis (born January 26, 1944) is an American Marxist feminist political activist, philosopher, academic, and author.
View the Source Nancy Fraser (Wikipedia)
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Nancy Fraser (; born May 20, 1947) is an American philosopher, critical theorist, feminist, and the Henry A.
View the Source Judith Butler (Wikipedia)
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Judith Butler (born February 24, 1956) is an American feminist, queer philosopher, and gender studies scholar whose work has influenced political philosophy, ethics, psychoanalysis, and the fields of feminist and queer theory, academic freedom, and literary theory.
View the Source Nancy Hartsock (Wikipedia)
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== Career == Hartsock was a feminist philosopher.
View the Source Luce Irigaray (Wikipedia)
Kinship Systems Shaped: Luce Irigaray, Lead, Feminist TheoryQuote, Kinship Systems Shaped: Luce Irigaray, Lead, Feminist Theory
Luce Irigaray (born 3 May 1930) is a Belgian-born French feminist, philosopher, linguist, psycholinguist, psychoanalyst, and cultural theorist who examines the uses and misuses of language in relation to women.
View the Source Andrea Dworkin (Wikipedia)
Kinship Systems Shaped: Andrea Dworkin, Lead, Feminist TheoryQuote, Kinship Systems Shaped: Andrea Dworkin, Lead, Feminist Theory
Andrea Rita Dworkin (September 26, 1946, April 9, 2005) was an American radical feminist writer and activist best known for her analysis of pornography.
View the Source Audre Lorde (Wikipedia)
Kinship Systems Shaped: Audre Lorde, Lead, Feminist TheoryQuote, Kinship Systems Shaped: Audre Lorde, Lead, Feminist Theory
Audre Lorde ( AW-dree LORD; born Audrey Geraldine Lorde; February 18, 1934, November 17, 1992) was an American writer, professor, philosopher, intersectional feminist, poet, and civil rights activist.
View the Source Camille Paglia (Wikipedia)
Kinship Systems Shaped: Camille Paglia, Lead, Feminist TheoryQuote, Kinship Systems Shaped: Camille Paglia, Lead, Feminist Theory
Camille Anna Paglia ( PAH-lee-ə; born April 2, 1947) is an American academic, social critic, and feminist.
View the Source Selma James (Wikipedia)
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Selma James (born Selma Deitch; formerly Weinstein; August 15, 1930) is an American writer, feminist, and social activist who is co-author of the women's movement book The Power of Women and the Subversion of the Community (with Mariarosa Dalla Costa), co-founder of the International Wages for Housework Campaign, and coordinator of the Global Women's Strike.
View the Source Brenda Feigen (Wikipedia)
Kinship Systems Shaped: Brenda Feigen, Lead, Feminist TheoryQuote, Kinship Systems Shaped: Brenda Feigen, Lead, Feminist Theory
Brenda Feigen (born 1944) is an American feminist activist, film producer, and attorney.
View the Source Alison Kafer (Wikipedia)
Kinship Systems Shaped: Alison Kafer, Lead, Feminist TheoryQuote, Kinship Systems Shaped: Alison Kafer, Lead, Feminist Theory
Alison Kafer is an American academic specializing in feminist, queer, and disability theory.
View the Source Judith C. Brown (Wikipedia)
Kinship Systems Shaped: Judith C. Brown, Article text, Feminist TheoryQuote, Kinship Systems Shaped: Judith C. Brown, Article text, Feminist Theory
== Scholarly interests == A feminist historian of early modern Europe and Renaissance Italy, Brown’s scholarly interests include issues in higher education and the history of women, gender and sexuality.
View the Source Rowan Ellis (Wikipedia)
Kinship Systems Shaped: Rowan Ellis, Lead, Feminist TheoryQuote, Kinship Systems Shaped: Rowan Ellis, Lead, Feminist Theory
Rowan Ellis is a British feminist content creator, author and LGBTQ rights advocate.
View the Source New World Encyclopedia: Betty Friedan
New World EncyclopediaKinship Systems Shaped: Betty Friedan, Article text, Feminist TheoryQuote, Kinship Systems Shaped: Betty Friedan, Article text, Feminist Theory
was an American feminist, activist, and writer.
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